Vol. 70, No. 2 * Pages 70–132 * April 2025

During the Cenozoic era (spanning the last 66 million years), significant global cooling has been extensively documented in the geological record, coinciding with a substantial decline in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations.  aeoclimate information in sedimentary archives demonstrates that atmospheric CO₂ concentrations were strongly related to global surface temperatures on virtually all timescales (103 – 106 years). Atmospheric CO2 has been demonstrated to act as a climate forcing in certain periods, and in other cases as a positive feedback amplifying global temperature variations that were controlled by other climate forcing factors (e.g. orbital forcing, geographic distribution of continents, volcanism, etc.). The wealth of information gathered thus far concerning the diverse climate states that have characterised the Earth's history has significantly enhanced our comprehension of the functioning of the climate system. This has led to the identification of the pivotal role played by atmospheric CO2 (and the global carbon cycle) in regulating climate.

There are many local winds in the area of the Carpathian Basin, which have different names. The Bora wind blowing at the Adriatic coast or the Foehn wind in the Alps are local winds, while winds such as Nemere or Kosava are less known. The common feature of these winds is that they are formed as a result of the interaction of a largescale weather situation and the orography. They blow from a specific direction and often reach the gale force strength. Local winds influence often temperature, humidity and cloud structure, too. This study gives a review of orography-induced local windstorms and presents the features of them in the region.

The aim of the study is to prove whether statistically significant changes on annual, seasonal and monthly scales can be objectively detected in one of the longest homogenized temperature time series in Central and Eastern Europe, not only in the last few decades, but also much earlier, in the first half of the 20th century. Like the global trend, an early 20th century warming (hereafter ETCW) between 1931 and 1951 can be identified in the Keszthely annual mean temperature time series. Using the Mann-Kendall trend test, a significant increasing trend can be observed in the time series of spring for the years 1925 to 1951. However, neither the summer nor the autumn in this period show a significant trend, but an upward shift in the average is detectable. Overall, the ETCW is well observed through a detailed statistical analysis of the temperature time series for Keszthely.

The HungaroMet Zrt. website (met.hu) provides a wide range of up-to-date meteorological information, while the agrometeorological subpage offers information specifically for those involved in agriculture. We continuously expand the range of free information available on our website. This paper provides a detailed presentation of the new products introduced in 2024, including leaf wetness duration and the crop-specific annual NDVI course, focusing on their significance and opera tional practice.