Vol. 71, No. 2 * Pages 57–124 * April 2026

Precipitation is one of the most important meteorological elements characterized by high variability in both space and time. As a result of climate change, temperature and precipitation extremes become more frequent. In order to prepare for adaptation to the expected change in climate extremes, it is essential to analyse the observed trends with the use of long high-quality data series. The impacts of climate change can be detected by applying various climate indices, which are often based on predefined thresholds, though some indicate a duration of specific conditions. In this study the observed changes of precipitation-related climate indices are calculated for the period 1901–2024.

Farmers are entrepreneurs: they bear operational risk, allocate resources, and ultimately optimize profitability. Precision agriculture supports this while reducing environmental pressures by improving input efficiency; in parallel, agri-digitalization is replacing tradition-based routines with information- and data-driven planning. Meteorological information is a key enabler. Since data provides a more reliable basis for agricultural development, the purpose of the questionnaire analysis presented here is to review the use of meteorological knowledge applied to date and the necessary improvements, taking into account th e perspectives of users. In our survey (n=124; ~10,000 ha), weather data mainly supported plant protection timing (80.2%), harvest (65.1%) and sowing (59.3%). Időkép and HungaroMet were the dominant online sources, alongside apps and international platforms. Overall, 45% of responders operate an automatic weather station; among them, 81% demand further training (data quality, siting, interpretation).

In this work, we present a new clothing resistance model that can be used to quantify the individual summer human thermal load. The model consists of clothing thermal and evaporative resistance modules. The model estimates the amount of sweating based on body weight measurements. The model characterizes the dependence of clothing thermal and evaporative resistances on thermoregulatory sweating. The observations were made by one person in Martonvásár in the summer of 2023. The observer was lying down wearing minimal clothing. If the rate of sweating is high (0.5 kg/30 minutes), then the thermal and evaporative resistance of clothing is low (0.2-0.6 clo), and conversely, if it is low (0.1 kg/30 minutes), then the thermal and evaporative resistance of clothing is high (above 4 clo). In both cases, the relationship can be characterized by exponentially decreasing regression functions. If the radiation is high and, as a reaction, the amount of sweating is also high, the simulated clothing thermal resistance values are around 0 clo, which means that the excess heat associated with radiation is successfully offset.

The collapse of the AMOC and its potential consequences was a hot topic in the media in the recent years. Several clickbait articles were published, which often hide the uncertainty related to the simulations. The aim of the present study is to present an analysis considering the limitations as well. The potential effect of the collapsed AMOC on temperature is shown for two regions (Hungary and Southwestern-Norway) based on climate model simulations, taking into account different scenarios.

The increasingly frequent droughts and precipitation-deficient years have highlighted the crucial role of evaporation in the water cycle and agricultural water management. This paper reviews the use of the Class A evaporation pan in Hungary, describes the measurement procedure and the Antal empirical calculation method, and, based on evaporation measurements carried out in Mernye since 2015, proposes an approach to improve the estimation of pan evaporation. The results also demonstrate that evaporation has consistently exceeded precipitation over the past decade, underscoring the importance of long-term observations and their application in water resources management and agricultural decision-making.